斜流泵叶轮和导叶叶片数对压力脉动的影响

为了研究斜流泵叶轮和导叶由于动静相干作用(RSI)而引起的压力脉动规律,基于标准k-ε湍流模型、SIMPLEC算法和滑移网格技术,根据叶轮和导叶叶片数及其叶片厚度设计了多种计算方案,并对不同方案的斜流泵模型进行了非定常数值模拟．采用叶轮进口、叶轮出口和导叶内部布点监测压力的方法获得了压力脉动曲线,并基于时域图分析了叶轮叶片数、导叶叶片数及其厚度对斜流泵内部压力脉动特性的影响．数值计算结果表明:斜流泵叶轮叶片动静干涉对整个流场的压力脉动影响较大,叶轮叶片数越少,叶轮进、出口压力脉动幅值越大;在设计工况下,导叶内部的压力脉动波形主要受叶轮叶片数影响,而导叶厚度对导叶内部压力脉动影响较小．研究结论将为斜流泵的设计和稳定运行提供参考．     

Antioxidant,ethylene and membrane leakage responses to powdery mildew infection of near-isogenic barley lines with various types of resistance

Leaves of powdery mildew-susceptible barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Ingrid) and related near-isogenic lines bearing various resistance genes (Mla12, Mlg or mlo5) were inoculated with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei race A6. Fungal attack induced several-fold increases in ethylene emission and electrolyte leakage in leaves of susceptible Ingrid beginning 3 days after inoculation. Activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes were induced markedly in susceptible leaves 5–7 days after inoculation. Similar, but less pronounced pathogen-induced changes were detected in inoculated leaves of Mla-type resistant plants that show hypersensitive cell death upon inoculation, and, to an even lesser extent, in the Mlg and mlo lines, where no visible symptoms accompanied the incompatible interaction. Glutathione content increased only in susceptible barley 7 days after inoculation. Catalase activity, total ascorbate content and redox state were not influenced by inoculation in any of the genotypes. The activity of dehydroascorbate reductase was significantly reduced 3–5 days after inoculation in the susceptible parental plants and after 5 days in Mla and Mlg lines, while it was stable in the mlo barley. Slightly elevated levels of H₂O₂ were observed in the inoculated resistant plants. In contrast, H₂O₂ content decreased in the susceptible line 7 days after pathogen attack. These data indicate that high levels of antioxidants are involved in the compatible interaction of susceptible barley and powdery mildew by protecting the pathogen from oxidative damage.     

糜子叶片衰老与活性氧代谢研究

以榆糜3号为试验材料,研究糜子叶片衰老与活性氧代谢特性。结果表明,随着植株衰老,不同叶位超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶等保护性酶活性呈由高到低的变化趋势,旗叶活性氧保护酶含量高且下降缓慢,丙二醛含量低且增长缓慢,在籽粒灌浆中后期表现更为明显。研究认为,在旱作农业生产中,延缓叶片衰老,对促进糜子籽粒充实,提高糜子产量和品质具有重要作用。     

硅对盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗生理效应的影响

以酿酒葡萄"赤霞殊"(Cabernet Sauvignon,CS)1年生扦插苗为试材,采用营养液水培系统,研究了根施外源硅(K2SiO3·9H2O,Si)对盐(50 mmol/L NaCl)胁迫下赤霞珠葡萄幼苗叶片生理生化特性的影响.结果表明:盐胁迫处理下,葡萄幼苗叶片超氧阴离子(O2-')产生速率加快,过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对膜透性增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强;组织含水量降低;施用2.0mmol/L Si明显抑制了O2-、H2O2和MDA的积累,增加了组织含水量,并进一步提高了抗氧化酶SOD和POD的活性.说明外源Si可通过提高盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗体内的抗氧化酶活性,从而降低活性氧(ROS)水平,一定程度上减轻盐胁迫对植株所造成的细胞膜脂过氧化伤害,增强其耐盐性.     

不同高压与温度处理对鲜切生菜及其货架期微生物的影响

【目的】鲜切生菜存在微生物安全问题,通过开展高压与温度的协同研究,以获得鲜切生菜的冷杀菌加工技术,并确定高压处理对鲜切生菜货架期微生物的影响。【方法】在5℃、15℃、25℃下,采用高压50、100、200 MPa分别处理鲜切生菜5 min、20 min,检测鲜切生菜中菌落总数和大肠菌群的数量;并在确定的温度、压力与时间下,开展高压处理后鲜切生菜货架期（4℃,6 d）菌落总数和大肠菌群的变化研究。【结果】压力（50-200 MPa）与保压时间（5-20 min）在降低鲜切生菜菌落总数和大肠菌群数量方面具有极显著的协同作用（P＜0.01）,但温度（5-25℃）在高压杀灭鲜切生菜菌落总数和大肠菌群方面没有产生协同作用,200 MPa处理20 min,鲜切生菜的菌落总数、大肠菌群数量下降最多,分别降低了0.42 log CFU/g和0.71 log CFU/g。货架期间（4℃）,尽管高压处理的鲜切生菜的菌落总数与对照一致,均随着货架时间的延长呈增加趋势,到第6天,不论高压还是非高压处理（对照）,菌落总数均增长了1.0 log,但高压处理的鲜切生菜的菌落总数增长速度高于对照;高压处理的鲜切生菜的大肠菌群数量在货架期间下降较快,到第6天时未检出,而对照仍然存在9%的大肠菌群。【结论】高压处理可显著降低鲜切生菜菌落总数和大肠菌群的数量,但温度（5-25℃）没有产生协同作用;4℃贮存6 d期间,高压处理鲜切生菜的大肠菌群被显著抑制,但菌落总数增长超过对照;与其它加工技术相似,在鲜切果蔬加工方面,高压需要其它与产品品质及安全有关的因素如耐高压的品种、HACCP等的协同作用,以保证产品的安全。     

喷雾压力和药液流量对井冈·枯芽菌在水稻叶片定殖的影响

研究了施药机具不同工作压力和药液流量对生物农药井冈.枯芽菌在水稻叶片上定殖数量及活性的影响。盆栽试验结果表明:担架式机动喷雾机、机动弥雾喷粉机和背负式机动喷雾器对生防菌的活性无不利影响。其中担架式机动喷雾机工作压力超过2.5 MPa以上有利于生防菌的定殖;机动弥雾喷粉机同一风速挡、不同流量挡的处理中,流量挡达到2.0 L/m有利于生防菌的定殖。同时生防菌在水稻叶片上定殖数量与水稻纹枯病的防效呈正相关的关系。     

增氧机池塘增氧效果试验的研究

研究不同型式的增氧机性能,可使生产者根据不同养殖对象与模式针对溶氧的需求,选择配置合适的增氧方式。通过对使用最为广泛的叶轮式、水车式、射流式和曝气式增氧机产品性能的池塘实效试验,分析比较各类增氧机性能、工作特性和适用范围。结果表明,养殖水体溶解氧主要来自浮游植物的光合作用;叶轮式、水车式和射流式增氧机应用于服务水域,其增氧能力远远不能满足该水域养殖鱼类的氧需求,但可满足养殖鱼类的应急氧需求;曝气式增氧机因没有应急增氧作用和水体搅拌能力而不适合四大家鱼等常规鱼种的养殖需要。     

Lipid peroxidation,protein oxidant and antioxidant status of muscle and serum for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed grade levels of methionine hydroxy analogue

Lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and antioxidant status of serum and muscle in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA: 0, 5.1, 7.6, 10.2, 12.7, 15.3 g kg^?1 diet) for 60 days were investigated. Both malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl content in serum and muscle decreased with increasing dietary MHA level up to 5.1–10.2 g kg^?1 diet (P < 0.05). Anti‐hydroxyl radical and activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in muscle and serum, as well as anti‐superoxide anion, superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content in serum, increased with optimal MHA supplement (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, glutathione‐S‐transferase activity in serum showed a downward trend with dietary MHA up to 7.6 g kg^?1 diet (P < 0.05). These results indicated that MHA improved antioxidant status and depressed lipid and protein oxidation in serum and muscle.     

Survival and growth of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota Brandt: a comparison between suspended and bottom cultures in a subtropical fish farm during summer

The feasibility of co‐culturing the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota Brandt in a subtropical fish farm was investigated in a field study. Sea cucumbers were cultured in the fish farm in cages suspended at 4 m deep (suspended culture) and directly on the seafloor (bottom culture). The survival and growth of the sea cucumbers were monitored twice during the 3‐month, summer experimental period (May 26–August 14, 2010). Results showed that the suspension‐cultured sea cucumbers exhibited excellent survival rate (100%) during the whole study period. There also occurred no mortality in the bottom‐cultured sea cucumbers during the first culture period (May 26–July 13); but all these died from anoxia caused by water column stratification during the second culture period (July 14–August 14). The specific growth rate of the bottom‐cultured sea cucumbers (1.05 ± 0.21 % day^?1) was nearly double that of the suspended culture animals (0.57 ± 0.21 % day^?1) during the first culture period, and the growth rates of the suspended culture sea cucumbers in the second culture periods (0.46 ± 0.24 % day^?1) was only a little lower than that of the first period. The sea cucumbers H. leucospilota could ingest and assimilate sediment with high organic matter content with an average assimilation efficiency of 14.9 ± 3.9%. This study indicated that fish farm detritus can be effectively used as a food source for the sea cucumber and that it can be turned into a valuable secondary crop in the form of the sea cucumber biomass.